Family Planning Market in India

This literature review captures existing knowledge across a range of products and players in India's family planning market. The product scope covers condoms, oral contraceptive pills, injectable contraceptives, intra-uterine devices, and male and female sterilization.The broad reach of this analysis brings diverse perspectives together to provide a complete picture of the current state of the market. The review can be particularly useful for field practitioners, donors, and other players looking to understand the current state of discovery in the India family planning market

Determination and Application of Hydrogen Transfer Thermochemistry: Studies of Molecules, Nanoparticles, and Metallic Electrodes

From the surface of a platinized electrode in a hydrogen fuel cell to the oxygen-evolving complex in photosystem II, the binding and transfer of hydrogen is central to many important chemical transformations in our world. The core thermochemical and kinetic concepts which connect these proton-coupled electron transfers across a continuum of compound sizes, including small molecules, nanoparticles, and bulk materials, are explored. In Chapter 1, an introduction to the thermochemical basis for this thesis is presented, along with the underlying connections it enables for studying hydrogen transfer across thermochemical and electrochemical reactions, as well as gas and solution phase reactivity.Methods for measuring the thermochemistry of hydrogen transfer in solution and at solution-solid interfaces has been critical to developing these connections. In Chapter 2, an accessible potentiometric technique for measuring molecular potentials of hydrogenation in nonaqueous media is presented. This methodology provides a roadmap to measuring the thermochemistry of hydrogen transfer for molecules under ill-defined solvent conditions. The resulting thermochemical values are then exploited in Chapter 3 to measure the hydrogen transfer thermochemistry of cerium oxide nanoparticles (nanoceria). Experiments demonstrate that reactions of molecular PCET reagents, whose hydrogen transfer thermochemistry is known, and colloidal nanoceria reach equilibrium states. These equilibrium states provide the first measures of surface O–H bond dissociation free energies bond dissociation free energies for a metal oxide nanoparticle. Remarkably, bond dissociation free energies are shown to vary by 13 kcal mol-1 with changes in the average redox state of nanoceria. This range of bond strengths is significant for understanding the application of cerium oxide as a non-innocent catalyst support, and more broadly, kinetic analyses of other binary materials. The thermochemical basis developed in Chapter 1–3 is essential to studying the kinetics of the same processes. In Chapter 4, the rates of reactions between ceria at different levels of reduction and substituted arylhydrazyl reagents are measured. These rate constants and the nanoceria bond dissociation free energies determined in Chapter 3 are combined to determine Brønsted-Evans Polanyi relationships for the hydrogen transfer reactivity of nanoceria. These are, to the best of our knowledge, the first experimental Brønsted-Evans Polanyi relationship for hydrogen transfer at the solution-solid interface. Analogies to the molecular literature and implications for heterogeneous catalyst design are discussed. Studies of reaction mechanism require an arsenal of tools. In Chapter 5, deuterium oxide solvent isotope effects are revisited as a mechanistic tool for the study of hydrogen transfer at electrocatalytic interfaces. These studies are enabled by the development of a novel methodology for preparing ultrapure deuterated electrolytes. The robustness of this procedure is shown through voltammetry of highly sensitive single crystal facets of platinum, which also provide measurements of the equilibrium solvent isotope effects on hydrogen and hydroxide adsorption. The product solvent isotope effect for the hydrogen evolution reaction at polycrystalline gold electrodes is then explored through studies with a homebuilt differential electrochemical mass spectrometer. Novel analysis is presented to determine that the product isotope effect is significantly larger than previous measures of the kinetic isotope effect. Implications for the mechanism of the hydrogen evolution reaction at gold electrodes are discussed

Shaping Inclusive Markets: How Funders and Intermediaries can Help Markets Move toward Greater Economic Inclusion

Positive progress toward worldwide economic inclusion is not only possible, but can also be made more possible. In Shaping Inclusive Markets, we draw lessons from history on how more inclusive markets have been achieved and highlight ways in which funders and intermediaries can strengthen the conditions for change

POEMS Syndrome Presentation with an Abscess within the Plasmacytoma—A Rare Case Report

POEMS Syndrome is a rare cause of demyelinating and axonal mixed neuropathy. Plasmacytomas are usually seen in POEMS syndrome and can be osseous or extramedullary. Plasmacytomas presenting as an abscess has not been noted earlier. Our patient presented with localized hyperpigmented patch on the back and later developed progressive weakness in upper and lower limbs. Initially serum and urine protein electrophoresis were normal. The patient was thought to have Chronic Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyneuropathy and was treated accordingly without any improvement. Repeat serum protein electrophoresis showed monoclonal gammopathy. MRI of the back revealed an abscess in the paravertebral soft tissues reaching up to the skin. Needle biopsy was consistent with plasmacytoma. Later, he developed a purulent fungating lesion in the lower midback. Antibiotics were started and local resection was done followed by radiation. Pathology of the resected mass showed plasmacytoma extensively involving subcutaneous soft tissue and bone. The patient improved with the treatment. Cystic plasmacytomas and abscess within the plasmacytoma has not been reported earlier. Whether abscess formation is part of the disease spectrum due to infiltration of overlying tissue or is secondary to localized immunosuppression is unknown. Local treatment of a single plasmacytoma is useful in ameliorating systemic symptoms

Evaluation of non-invasive ventilation compliance in obstructive sleep apnea syndrome or obesity hypoventilation syndrome patients: an observational study

Background: Recent times have seen the rise in obstructive sleep apnea syndrome/obesity hypoventilation syndrome (OSAS/OHS) patients across the globe. Availability of sleep study centers, questionnaires, and more awareness have made the diagnosis of OSAS/OHS early. But still, the majority of patients suffer from morbidity associated with OSAS/OHS despite the better diagnosis, the most common cause being non-adherence to (CPAP). This needs to be addressed more vigilantly and with utmost importance for successful management of OSAS/OHS.Methods: This is an observational study, we selected patients by reviewing sleep study records at a tertiary care center (Rohilkhand medical college and hospital) in Bareilly, India. All diagnosed patients with OSAS/OHS (i.e. AHI >5) were telephoned and enquired about symptoms and non-invasive ventilation (NIV) use. They were evaluated using a self-designed questionnaire.Results: In our study, we had total of 49 OSAS/OHS patients with mean age of 50.6 years and mean BMI of 35.63. Male patients were 37 (75.5%) and at the time of diagnosis AHI (mean) was 60.67 events/hour. In NIV users there were 24 patients (48.97%), 22 patients (91.7%) feel they have been benefitted from CPAP and 2 patients (8.3%) do not feel benefit from CPAP (NIV) use. Among NIV users there was significant drop of AHI (mean) to 8.07. Among NIV users there was a reduction in symptoms like excessive day time sleepiness in 18 patients (81.81%), witnessed apnea in 15 patients (88.23%), snoring in 21 patients (91.30%), blood pressure in 3 patients (21.42%), blood sugar levels in 2 patients (20%), morning headache in 5 patients (83.30%), depressive mood in 2 patients (40%), perceived memory loss in 3 patients (33.3%), sense of choking in 17 patients (94.4%) and weight loss in 19 patients (76%).Conclusions: CPAP significantly improves symptoms and provides objective as well as subjective benefit to OSAS/OHS patients but still significant proportion of patients hesitate to initiate the therapy. Poor education/awareness regarding OSAS/OHS and non-availability of affordable CPAP remains the leading cause of non-compliance. There is a need for early education, reinforcement and affordable CPAP therapy

FROM PATENT TO PRODUCT: COMMERCIALIZING AN INNOVATION IN VASCULAR ACCESS FOR HEMODIALYSIS TREATMENT

poster abstractAs End-Stage Renal Disease (ESRD) affects more than 500,000 patients every year and is currently increasing at a rate of 5-7%, the need for effective hemodialysis treatment remains an important issue in our society. Currently there are two vascular access devices widely accepted by the medical community, the arteriovenous graft (AVG) and arteriovenous fistula (AVF). Dr. Akingba’s innovation, the modular anastomotic valve device (MAVD), would allow for selective shunting during hemodialysis treatment in turn increasing the patency by an expected six fold. The purpose of our research pertaining to this device was to assist Dr. Akingba in preparing the device for commercialization through an analysis of FDA regulations, licensing, technological considerations, and medical device competitors. With this is mind, preliminary research, bench top model, flow dynamic computer simulations, and key interviews were implemented as data sources. Research in hemodialysis techniques, flow dynamics, FDA approval process, and licensing considerations including the valuation of the intellectual property has provided us insight into the most effective pathway to bring the MAVD to market. As a result, a more direct licensing plan was developed for Dr. Akingba to streamline the commercialization process. With this research, Dr. Akingba will be able to obtain FDA clearance through animal testing and clinical trials. Once this device has been brought to market, it will shift preference in vascular access toward usage of the graft for hemodialysis with its increased patency and ultimately bring medical enhancements to patients, surgeons, hospitals, and the health-care industry in general

A Novel Diabetes Education Program to Improve Diabetes Knowledge, Awareness and Glycemic Control

Diabetes self-management education (DSME), an integral part of diabetes management is delivered by trained educators in well-developed countries. Unfortunately, there is a dearth of an organized, concise and easy-to-deliver diabetes education module in India. The relationship between diabetes self-care and glycemic control has been studied extensively. The present review discusses an innovative diabetes self-education training module that can be easily reciprocated by others to benefit the larger population